Monthly Archives: March 2009
What is the training cycle?
A training or development cycle is a model that can be usedto represent a systematic approach to training and development. It helps businesses identify the series of sequential steps they need to undertake when training and developing staff. The key steps are:
· Identification of training needs
· Design of the training or development programme
· Delivery of training
· Evaluation
The cycle demonstrates, that the steps should be viewed in their entirety and not be seen as a series of isolated activities. This means that the outcome of one stage provides the inputs for the next stage and the absence of any stage would undermine the validity of the whole process.
Collective bargaining
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Collective Bargaining
Collective bargaining is process of joint decision making and basically represents a democratic way of life in industry.
Bargaining Form And Tactics
A collective bargaining process generally consists of four types of activities- distributive bargaining, integrative bargaining, attitudinal restructuring and intra-organizational bargaining.
Distributive bargaining: It involves haggling over the distribution of surplus. Under it, the economic issues like wages, salaries and bonus are discussed. In distributive bargaining, one partys gain is another partys loss.
Integrative bargaining: This involves negotiation of an issue on which both the parties may gain, or at least neither party loses. For example, representatives of employer and employee sides may bargain over the better training programme or a better job evaluation method.
Attitudinal restructuring: This involves shaping and reshaping some attitudes like trust or distrust, friendliness or hostility between labor and management. When there is a backlog of bitterness between both the parties, attitudinal restructuring is required to maintain smooth and harmonious industrial relations. It develops a bargaining environment and creates trust and cooperation among the parties.
Intra-organizational bargaining: It generally aims at resolving internal conflicts. This is a type of maneuvering to achieve consensus with the workers and management. Even within the union, there may be differences between groups. For example, skilled workers may feel that they are neglected or women workers may feel that their interests are not looked after properly. Within the management also, there may be differences. Trade unions maneuver to achieve consensus among the conflicting groups.
